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Abstract
Upper abdominal surgery leads to severe pain that is associated with adverse outcomes that may result from the undertreatment ofperioperative pain additional time spent in an intensive care unit or hospital hospital readmission for further pain management needless suffering, impairment of health-related quality of life, and development of chronic pain.
Preemptive analgesia is a tempting. concept for practitioners of anesthesia and perioperative pain medicine optimal pain relief following surgery is difficult to achieve with the use of just one drug or regimen.
Although the best analgesic regimen is still undetermined for those patients, multimodal preemptive analgesia using epidural opioids, local anaesthetics plus systemic NSAID are well suited for analgesia after upper abdominal surgery because of its rapid onset of action and low potential for delayed complications.
The aim of this study was to compare preincisional thoracic epidural morphine Lidocaine and systemic tenoxicam, postincisional thoracic epidural morphine Lidocaine and systemic tenoxicam versus conventional way of giving morphine postoperatively as needed for analgesia.