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Abstract
A variety of quantifiable enzymes in urine are presently used as markers for evaluation of renal tubular function. N-acetyl. β – D – glucosaminidase (NAG) is one of the most common enzymes used for such purpose. It is primarily present in kidney proximal tubules and its urinary excretion serves as an early sensitive indicator of active renal diseases such as glomerulonephritis of various types, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetic nephropathy. Urinary NAG activity measurement was found to be of diagnostic and prognostic significance in evaluation of such renal disorders (Abdelshakour et al., 2002).
Annexin V is a member of annexin family with a molecular weight 32 – 35 KDa and an isoelectric point 4.8 – 5.0. It is a calcium-binding protein that binds with acidic phospholipids and F-actin. Annexin V was found to have many biological functions such as anticoagulant activity , inhibition of phospholipase A¬¬¬2 , regulation of membrane transport , proliferation and signal transduction (Gerk and Moss, 2002). Annexin V was found to be abundant in the kidney parenchymal tissues. It was reported that it is found in large amounts in renal distal tubular cells as well as in glomerular epithelial cells. The localization of annexin V in renal tissues was immunochemically and immunohistologically studied in experimental rat normal kidney and glomerulonephritis using annexin V polyclonal antibodies. In nephritis induced by injection of nephritogenic antigen, the lumen of distal tubules and the luminal cell membrane were deeply stained with leakage of annexin V from the damaged cells causing increased urinary annexin V levels in such condition (Matsuda et al., 2001).