الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ordinary beams with openings and deep beams with and without openings are considered disturbed regions where their strains within any section are significantly nonlinear. Therefore, it is not adequate to design those regions using either bending theory or conventional shear design equations. Hence, it is essential to rely on a rational method such as the strut-and-tie model.
The behavior of experimentally tested reinforced normal- and high- strength concrete simply supported shallow beams (with and without openings) and simple and continuous deep beams (with openings) was studied. In this study, the Strut-and-Tie Models STM for all such selected beams are suggested based on the available experimental results of crack patterns, modes of failure, and internal stresses trajectors obtained from elastic finite element analysis. The obtained STM results are compared with test results.
To draw a complete picture of the response of the studied beams, a 3D nonlinear finite element analysis is conducted. from which, the output results of cracking patterns, deflections, failure mode and strain and stress distributions (that can not be obtained using the strut-and-tie model) are obtained
In addition, a full design procedure along with numerical examples, reinforcement detailing, and design recommendations for beams with openings only is presented.