الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The integer discrete particle swarm optimization technique is used to develop an uncertainty-based computer program (IDPSOnet) for the least cost design of water distribution networks under both steady and transient conditions. Because the particle swarm is highly sensitive to its parameters and boundary conditions, the available restricted boundary conditions, namely, absorbing, reflecting, damping, and cyclic are considered. A new boundary condition called the billiard boundary condition is introduced, which does not depend on the velocity clamping technique that mainly depends on human assumptions. The performance of the available restricted boundary conditions and the new billiard boundary condition are tested under different populations. An integer mathematical model is applied by the presentation of variable by its sequence order. A new initialization method is proposed by setting the initial position to one side of boundary solutions that is set to the maximum available diameter. The Newton-Raphson method is used for the hydraulic simulation of the network. The uncertainty in the nodal demands for the network is evaluated by the chance constraint formulation with different uncertainty levels. The program is capable to analyze networks under steady and water hammer events. The water hammer event is initiated by both sudden valve closure and pump power failure and solved by the method of characteristics.
The program was verified through application to five different networks. All the considered networks have been previously analyzed using different optimization techniques in order to be used as a basis to illustrate the efficiency of the present model among all other optimization techniques available to date. These five networks are three hypothetical networks, namely, the two-loop network, the large scale two-source network, and the two-source network with a pump and a valve whereas the other two networks are real networks namely, Nuweiba desalinated water storage network and the large scale Suez city water distribution network. For proper verification of the present model, only the two-source with a pump and a valve and Nuweiba transmission networks are optimized under both steady and transient conditions whereas the others are optimized under steady state conditions only.