الفهرس 
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Abstract
While the traditional goal of an electric power system has been to control supply to fulfill demand, the demand-side can plan an active role in power systems via Demand Response (DR). Demand-side participation has benefits for both individual consumers and power supplier. Distributed generation, DR and on site generation are examples for such participation. DR is beneficial to the supplier as the great role of DR is peak shaving to flatten the load profile and release the overloading on network components such as generation, transformers and transmission lines. On the other hand, DR is beneficial to consumers who will receive lower electricity bills and the probability of being curtailed would be reduced.
DR is considered to be the cheaper resource available of demand participation as it depends on reducing the electrical consumption from the consumer side by switching off non-essential loads or just shifting some domestic loads from peak period to off-peak period by the end user. Any reduction in demand by consumers can be treated as equivalent generation (virtual generation). This thesis considers DR as a virtual generation resource that has marginal cost which is a function in electric load reduction magnitude. The way to compute this marginal cost has been proposed. Optimal combined scheduling of traditional generation and virtual generation (DR) was obtained by minimizing the system operating cost with related constraints for each generation. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to get the optimal load dispatch considering DR as a demand resource and the optimal dispatch is obtained using MATLAB software. Three case studies have been proposed to discuss the effect of demand reduction on the power system reliability. The first case study consists of 6 bars, 5 generators and 4 demand resources, the second case is modified IEEE 24-bus RTS and consists of 24 bus, 11 generators and 7 demand resources and the final case study is modified IEEE 39-bus system. The impact of applying DR on power system reliability indices including operation cost, transmission losses and radiated emission have been investigated.