الفهرس 
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Abstract
The thesis consists of three chapters are concerned with the novel semi-IPNs prepared from: h-CMC-g-PAN, crosslinked with sodium alginate using CaCl2 as a crosslinker with different variation in content. Then, the adsorption capacity of these compounds was measured by using Cd(ІІ) ions.Chapter І: Introduction.This part is concerned with literature survey on the chemistry of CMC, Acrylonitrile, Sodium alginate, and their importance in different medical and industrial applications. Formation of newly semi-IPNs with high thermal stability, spherical shape, from renewable sources and high adsorption capacity of different heavy metals, which make these compounds a promising materials at industrial waste water treatment. Cadmium resources and its toxicity mentioning different trials to minimize its toxic effect. Chapter ІІ: Experimental :This part is concerning with the preparation of newly novel semi-IPNs : h-CMC-g-PAN, crosslinked with sodium alginate using CaCl2 as a crosslinker. The experimental details of the adsorption measurements of Cd(ІІ) ions on semi-IPNs in aqueous media. The mechanism of metal ion uptake and the experimental data were discussed and detected using the common kinetic models, pseudo-first order kinetic model, pseudo-second order kinetic model, intra-paricle diffusion model and Elovich equation…..etc.Also, this part includes the instrumentals and tools applied in this study. Chapter ІІI: Results and Discussion : This part is concerned with the preparation and characterization of newly novel semi-IPNs prepared as following: h-CMC-g-PAN, crosslinked with sodium alginate using CaCl2 as a cross linker with different variation in content. Physico-chemical measurements was done for these compounds included spectral (FTIR), morphological (SEM, EDS), elemental analysis (XRD) and thermal measurements (TGA). Grafting evidences were obtained with low homo PAN percent and high grafting yield. The IR spectral data suggest that the obtained s-IPNs contain two important functional groups which are useful in metal uptake, these groups are: carboxylate and amide groups. SEM was applied to study the morphology and particle size distribution of s-IPNs and s-IPNs loaded with Cd(ӀӀ) ions. SEM data shows that s-IPNs have granular shaped structure different from the native CMC sodium salt which has rod like crystal structure. In addition, EDS of s-IPNs confirm the prescence of Cd(ӀӀ) ions after uptake. Analysis of XRD patterns shows low crystallinity of s-IPNs loaded with Cd(ӀӀ) ions in comparison with s-IPNs. The TGA thermogram of s-IPNs showed three mass-loss stages. Also, s-IPNs is more stable than CMC. S-IPNs-3 with chemical composition h-CMC-g-PAN:SA (1:1) gave the maximum adsorption capacity of Cd(ӀӀ) ions. Applications: Adsorption of Cd(ӀӀ) ions onto s-IPNs-3: this section is dealing with the optimum conditions for the adsorption of Cd(ӀӀ) ions from aqueous solutions onto s-IPNs-3. The optimum conditions were found to be pH=6, equilibrium time=2 hrs, using 0.05 gm of s-IPNs-3 at (30±0.050C). The kinetic calculations of the adsorption of Cd(ӀӀ) ions onto s-IPNs-3 showed second order reaction over a wide range of concentrations. The process was proven to be a multi-linear two steps adsorption process. Elovich equation also proved the heterogeneity of the surface of s-IPNs-3. Also, the adsorption isotherm data showed that the adsorption follows Langmuir (200mg/g). The D-R model gave a high value of E supporting a chemical adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters(∆H, ∆G, ∆S) were indicating a spontaneous exothermic process. S-IPNs-3 exhibits a good reusability for three successful cycles. The adsorption procedure was successfully applied to recover Cd(ӀӀ) ions from different natural water samples. For large scale production, the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 97.8%. In comparison with other studies, s-IPNs shows the best adsorption capacity of Cd(ӀӀ) ions.