الفهرس 
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Abstract
1. Introduction: The existence of turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water has received considerable attention in recent decades because it can lead to odor, color and taste problems in addition to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). NOM is widely detected in most water sources such as lakes, rivers and wells. It has been reported that most of NOM in surface and ground water is in the form of humic and fulvic acids. During the disinfection process, humic and fulvic acids react with the chlorine based materials forming DBPs. DBPs are carcinogenic and cause many health and environmental problems to human and aquatic life. Groundwater contains mineral substances. Some of these minerals is iron, which has a harmful effects on the liver and brain cells, causing Alzheimer’s and also has a harmful effect on genetics. There is a need for the emergence of many ways to remove the turbidity, natural organic matter and iron from underground water. Many researchers have used the adsorption by activated carbon and advanced oxidation processes for removing or degradation of different material from water. While, other researchers have developed low cost adsorbent materials that prepared from agricultural residues such as wheat straw, rice husk, peanut hull coconut husk, black gram husk, Sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, banana pith, and pine grape stalk. In this paper, we use the flaxseed husk as a natural coagulant and adsorbent to remove turbidity, natural organic matter and iron from underground water. First: Chemically modified flaxseed husk (MFH) was prepared by addition of aluminum sulfate to flaxseed husk (FH) after removing the mucilage and oil which using to remove the turbidity and NOM. Second: Reduce the percentage of iron in drinking water by flaxseed husk ash (FHA) which prepared by burn flaxseed husk at certain temperature. The results provide a significant removal for turbidity, natural organic matter and iron from underground water. 2. Research Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to: 1- Improving the properties of underground water by removing turbidity, natural organic matter and iron. 2- Extract an eco-friendly and a very efficient biocoagulant and biosorbent from flaxseed to improve the quality of water. 3- Using flaxseed as a Natural coagulant and adsorbent to avoid toxic of DBPs. 3. Outline of the Thesis: This thesis consists of five chapters. A summary of the main contents of these chapters is given as follows: Chapter One (Introduction): It Contains an introduction for the thesis which involves information about water, drinking water, brief summary about biosorbent material. It also presents aims, objectives and the thesis outline. Chapter Two (Literature Review): This chapter shows the NOM and Iron characterization, the different methods used for the removal of turbidity, Natural organic matter (NOM) and iron (Fe) and a detailed information about the theory of coagulation and biosorption. It also illustrates Research Needs. Chapter Three (Materials and Methods): This chapter includes the methodology to achieve the study objectives. It also illustrates the different materials and instruments used in this study and the coagulation and adsorption process used. It also describes the Preparation of the modified flaxseed husk (MFH), modified flaxseed husk (MFH) characterization methods, Preparation of the flaxseed husk ash (FHA), Experimental procedure and analytical measurements. Chapter Four (Results and Discussion): This chapter contains all results obtained from experimental work and removal efficiency for MFH and FHA . It also contains the explanation and discussion of this results. Furthermore, it contains the obtained results in figures. Chapter Five (Conclusions and Recommendations): This chapter depicts the most important conclusions which are derived from the study. It also contains recommendations for future research.