الفهرس 
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Abstract
The acidic nature of commercial local anesthetics can cause pain during infiltration. Buffering of anesthetic solutions has been suggested to reduce pain on injection. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate of buffered lidocaine local anesthetic in tooth extraction of children. Methods: Double-blind prospective randomized controlled clinical trial was designed among 80 (5 to 7-year-old) children received two infiltration (buccal and palatal) anesthesia in anterior and posterior maxillary regions by using either 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine buffered with 0.18 mL 8.4% sodium bicarbonate or 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Pain on injection was assessed using the sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale, while Wong Baker pain assessment scale (WBPAS) was self-recorded by the patient after extraction. Results: According to SEM, significant difference was clear between buffered and non-buffered labial and palatal anterior anesthesia, while in posterior anesthesia, there was no significant difference. Regarding pain after tooth extraction WBPAS revealed no significant difference in Pain perception either in anterior or posterior regions. Conclusion: Buffered anesthesia showed a significant effect in reducing injection pain perception for anterior teeth in children.