الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity/mortality in diabetes. Due to high morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD), the estimation of other cardiovascular risk factors over the classic risk factors is important for preventive and therapeutic measures Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes that is not only a serious threat to vision but may also signify an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to systemic vascular complications. Therefore, it may reflect vascular damage and injury not only in the eyes but also in other vital organs as the brain, heart, and kidneys in diabetic people. Patients and Methods: The study included 99 diabetic patients with suspected CAD (53 male and 46 female) with age ranging from 20 to 70 years, who underwent elective coronary angiography in Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital. All participants were subjected to medical history, clinical examination, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI), blood pressure, FBG, 2hPPBG, HbA1c, lipid profile, serum creatinine, Liver functions test, ECG, Echocardiography, coronary angiography, fundus examination using direct and indirect ophthalmoscope and Fluorescein angiography. Results: Our data support that in individuals with T2DM, the presence of retinopathy signifies an increased CHD risk, independent of known risk factors. where with multivariable logistic regression, only the presence of DR (regardless of its grade) was statistically significant independent predictor of the likelihood of 70% lesion. Patients with retinopathy had 2.8 times higher odds to exhibit severe lesion Conclusion: from the present study we can conclude that there is a strong relation between presence of DR and increased risk and severity of CHD events, independent of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2DM.