الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
To create a great wheat production it is common, particularly in creating nations, the utilizing of chemicals to kill maladies caused by different pathogens. However, it is well known the harm that can be generated in the environment and human wellbeing since of their use. There’s an increment in request for wheat production due to exponentially expanding human population. Agreeing to this assess, wheat requirement will increment up to 750-million tons by the year 2025. Hence, it is require of time to extend the generation of wheat through enhancement in their hereditary potential by understanding the physiological instruments. Three Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCMB strains have been identified and characterized as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). They plant growth-promoting viability of these strains has been explored beneath diverse abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The comes about from diverse tests uncovered that all three bacterial strains had a noteworthy impact on seed germination and seedling establishment of Brassica napus cv. Westar and wheat. A wide use of antibiotics in the world is to treat and prevent infectious bacterial diseases in humans and animals. Over 60 years, mass production and use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture have existed and substantially benefited public health and agricultural productivity. Nowadays, a wide variety of antibiotics are extensively applied worldwide as drugs for preventing or treating human, animal, and plant infections, or as feed additives for animals and fishes to prevent or treat diseases as well as growth promotion. Antibiotics are essential for control of bacterial diseases of plants, especially fire blight of pear and apple and bacterial spot of peach. More than half of the antibiotics produced in the United States are used for agricultural purposes. Streptomycin is used in several countries; the use of oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid and gentamicin is limited to only a few countries. In this context, Gentamicin, sold under brand name Garamycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is formulated as gentamicin sulfate. It is marketed under the trade name Agry-gent. Gentamicin is sometimes mixed with oxytetracycline and marketed as Agry-gent Plus or Bactrol. As already stated in introduction section, this investigation was carried out in order to determine growth and biochemical changes maintained in wheat plant (Masr 1), in response to treat the grains with non-sustainable “ oxy (100, 200 PPM) & gera (100, 200 PPM) respectively” and sustainable “Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652” factors that are used to resist phyto-pathogens. During this study, the obtained results were summarized in the following items: 1- Pretreatment of wheat grains with different treatments of two antibiotics; oxy (100, 200 PPM) & gera (100, 200 PPM) and bacteria resulted in a significant increase in N, P and k content generally in rhizosphere soil after 45 days from sowing. 2- Treatment of wheat grains with both antibiotics oxy & gera (100, 200 ppm) and bacillus amyloliquefaciens during wheat stages increased generally, growth parameters (shoot length, number of leaves/plant, total leaves area/plant, shoot fresh & dry weights, root depth, root fresh & dry weights, and net assimilation rate). Meanwhile, shoot and root water percentage; in most casses, decreased by the used treatments. where the results showed that bacteria then 100 ppm of both antibiotics are best suited to treat wheat grain before germination. 3- During the three stages of wheat grains, treatment with both antibiotics and bacteria at vegetative stage increased photosynthetic pigments content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+ chlorophyll b and consequently total pigments), but chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b mostly decreased. Mostly, the results showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652 is best suited to treat wheat grain before germination. 4- As regards the effects of soaking of wheat grains in the two used antibiotics and bacteria; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652 on carbohydrates content, nitrogen content and total protein, throughout the three stages of wheat growth and developments, a general increment were detected, as compared to the untreated values. 5- Pretreatment of wheat grains with both antibiotics (100, 200 ppm) and bacteria, more or less decreased the determined antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) as well as the estimated elements (N, P and k) again, during growth stages. Also, the results showed that 100 ppm oxy after Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652 is best suited to treat wheat grain before germination. 6- Treatment of wheat grains with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652 and both antibiotics (100, 200 ppm), increased yield attributes (shoot length /plant, spike length, no. of spikelets / spike, grain yield, straw yield, crop yield, mobilization index, harvest index, crop index and net assimilation rate), at fruiting stage. Moreover, some biochemical aspects of the yielded grains (total protein, carbohydrates content) where the results showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MG214652 then 100 ppm oxy is best suited to treat wheat grain before germination. Generally, the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens surpassed that of antibiotics, a result that favours the importance of the trend of using these bacteria in sustainability wheat cultivation.