الفهرس 
CONTENTSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 178 |  |  |
| | | from | 178 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY : I. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT : A laboratory experiment was carried out at Agronomy Department Laboratory of Seed Testing, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, during November 2018. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of soaking seeds in some antioxidant, growth regulator, macro and micro elements as well as their mixture on germination and seedlings vigor of bread wheat Misr 1 cultivar. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The studied soaking wheat seeds treatments for 12 hours in some antioxidant, growth regulator, macro and micro elements as well as their mixture were as follows : 1- Without soaking (control treatment). 2- Soaking in distilled water. 3- Soaking in Ascorbic Acid (AsA) at the rate of 0.1 g/L. 4- Soaking in Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) at the rate of 0.05 g/L. 5- Soaking in truefert powder as a source of macronutrients (NPK) at the rate of 45 g/L. 6- Soaking in folifert powder as a source of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Mo) at the rate of 3.75 g/L. 7- Soaking in mixture of AsA and IAA at the rate of 0.1 g/L + 0.05 g/L, respectively. 8- Soaking in mixture of AsA and truefert powder at the rate of 0.1 g/L + 45 g/L, respectively. 9- Soaking in mixture of IAA and truefert powder at the rate of 0.05 g/L + 45 g/L, respectively. 10- Soaking in mixture of AsA and folifert powder at the rate of 0.1 g/L + 3.75 g/L, respectively. 11- Soaking in mixture of IAA and folifert powder at the rate of 0.05 g/L + 3.75 g/L, respectively. 12- Soaking in mixture of truefert powder and folifert powder at the rate of 45 g/L + 3.75 g/L, respectively. 13- Soaking in mixture of AsA, IAA, truefert powder and folifert powder at the rate of 0.1, 0.05, 45 and 3.75 g/L, respectively. STUDIED charACTERS : A- GERMINATION PARAMETERS : 1-Final germination percentage (FGP%). 2 -Abnormal seedlings percentage (AS %). 3- Sold grains percentage (SG%). 4- Rotten grains percentage (RG%). 5- Speed germination index (SGI). 6- Germination index percentage (GI %). 7- Co-efficient of germination (CG). >8- Mean germination time (MGT) in day. 9- Germination energy percentage (GE %). B- SEEDLING PARAMETERS : 1- Shoot length (cm). 2- Root length (cm). 3- Seedling vigor index (SVI). 4- Shoot fresh weight (g). 5- Root fresh weight (g). 6- Shoot dry weight (g). 7- Root dry weight (g). 8- Photosynthetic pigments. 9- macro-nutrients (NPK) percentages. 10-The electrical conductivity (EC). * The most important results obtained from this investigation can be summarized as follows : Regarding to soaking wheat seeds treatments before germination test in distilled water, ascorbic acid (AsA) at the rate 0.1 g/ L, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the rate 0.05 g/L, truefert powder as a source of macronutrients (NPK) at the rate of 45 g/L and folifert powder as a source of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Mo) at the rate of 3.75 g/L as well as their mixture for 12 h, it is apparent from obtained that there was a significant differences in germination parameters i.e. final germination percentage (FGP%), abnormal seedlings percentage (AS %), sold grains (SG%), rotten grains (RG%), speed germination index (SGI), germination index (GI %), co-efficient of germination (CG), mean germination time (MGT) in day, germination energy percentage (GE %) and seedling parameters i.e. shoot length (cm), root length (cm), seedling vigor index (SVI), shoot fresh weight (g), root fresh weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), root dry weight (g), photosynthetic pigments, macro-nutrients (NPK) percentages, the electrical conductivity (EC) among all studied treatments and control treatment (un-soaked seeds). Soaking wheat seeds in ascorbic acid (AsA) + micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn , Cu ,Mo ,B) at the rate of (0.1 g/ L + 3.75g/ L) respectively for 12 hours before starting germination test resulted the highest value of final germination percentage (FGP%), speed germination index (SGI), germination index (GI%), co-efficient of germination (CG), mean germination time (MGT), germination energy percentage (GE %), shoot and root length, seedling vigor index (SVI), shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, nitrogen percentages, phosphorus percentages and potassium percentages. However, soaking wheat seeds in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo and B) at the rate of (0.05 g/L+ 3.75g/ L) respectively for 12 hours came the second rank after aforementioned treatment and followed by soaking wheat seeds in ascorbic acid (ASA) + indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the rate of (0.1 g/L+ 0.05 g/ L) respectively for 12 hours, then soaking wheat seeds in ascorbic acid (ASA) at the rate of (0.1 g/ L) for 12 hours, followed by soaking wheat seeds in micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo and B) at the rate of (3.75g/ L) for 12 hours, followed by soaking seeds indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the rate of 0.05 g/L. On the other hand, soaking wheat seeds in ascorbic acid (AsA) + micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo and B) at the rate of (0.1 g/l+ 3.75g/L) respectively for 12 hours before starting germination test decreased and resulted the lowest value of abnormal seedlings percentage (AS %), sold grains percentage (SG%), rotten grains (RG%) and the electrical conductivity (EC) as compared with control treatment. II. FIELD EXPERIMENT : Two field experiments were conducted at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, during the two successive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons to study the effect of application methods and the best seed treatments with antioxidant, growth regulator and micro elements as well as their mixture are resulted from the previous laboratory experiment on growth, yield and its attributes and grain quality of bread wheat Misr 1 cultivar. The experiments were carried out in a strip-plot design with four replicates. The vertical plots were assigned to application methods with antioxidant, growth regulator and micro elements as well as their mixture as follows : 1- Soaking seeds. 2- Foliar spraying. 3- Soaking seeds combined with foliar spraying. The horizontal plots were allocated to the best treatments with some materials (antioxidant, growth regulator and micro elements as well as their mixture) resulted from the previous laboratory experiment as follows: 1- Without (control treatment). 2- Treated with distilled water. 3- Treated with Ascorbic Acid (AsA) at the rate of 0.1 g/L. 4- Treated with folifert powder as a source of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Mo) at the rate of 3.75 g/L. 5- Treated with AsA and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) at the rate of 0.1 g/L + 0.05 g/L, respectively. 6- Treated with AsA and folifert powder at the rate of 0.1 g/L + 3.75 g/L, respectively. 7- Treated with IAA and folifert powder at the rate of 0.05 g/L + 3.75 g/L, respectively. STUDIED charACTERS : A- Growth characters: 1-Number of days to heading (days). 2-Total chlorophylls (SPAD). 3-Flag leaf area (cm2). 4-Plant height (cm). B- Yield and its components: 5-Number of spikes/m2. 6-Length of spike (cm). 7- Number of spikelets/spike. 8- Number of grains per spike. 9-Grains weight/spike (g). 10-One-thousand grains weight (g). 11-Grain yield (ardab/fed). 12-Straw yield (ton/fed). C- Grains quality : 13-Crude protein percentage in grains (%). 14- Total carbohydrates percentage in grains (%). The most important results obtained from this investigation can be summarized as follows : 1- Effect of application methods : Application comprised three different methods; soaking, foliar spray and soaking seeds combined with foliar spray. it can be noted, there were significant differences among all studied methods on growth characters i.e. number of days to heading (days), total chlorophylls, flag leaf area (cm2) and plant height (cm) and yield and its components i.e. number of spikes/m2, length of spike (cm), one-thousand grains weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed), straw yield (ton /fed) and grains quality i.e. crude protein percentage in grains (%) and total carbohydrates percentage in grains (%) but, there were no significant difference on number of spikelets/spike, number of grains per spike and grains weight/spike (g). Results shown that soaking seeds addition to foliar spray was the best method on growth characters i.e. number of days to heading (days), total chlorophylls, flag leaf area (cm2) and plant height (cm) and yield and its components i.e. number of spikes/m2, length of spike (cm), number of grains per spike and grains weight/spike (g) one-thousand grains weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed), straw yield (ton/fed) and grains quality i.e. crude protein percentage in grains (%) and total carbohydrates percentage in grains (%). Followed by foliar spray method and finally, soaking wheat seeds came last. 2- Effect of application treatment with some materials : Regarding to application treatment with ascorbic acid (AsA) as a source of antioxidant, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as a source of growth regulator and commercial folifert powder as a source of micronutrients on growth characters i.e. number of days to heading (days), total chlorophylls, flag leaf area (cm2) and plant height (cm) and yield and its components i.e. number of spikes/m2, length of spike (cm), number of grains per spike, grains weight/spike (g), one-thousand grains weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed) and straw yield (ton/fed) and grains quality i.e. crude protein percentage in grains (%) and total carbohydrates percentage in grains (%). It is worth mentioning that IAA + micronutrients at the rate of (0.05 g/L + 3.75) g/L, respectively was the best treatment to improve growth characters, yield and its components and grains quality which presented the highest values of all studied characters. However, AsA + micronutrients at the rate of (0.1 g/L + 3.75 g/L), respectively came the second rank after aforementioned treatment. It was followed by AsA+ IAA at the rate of (0.1 g/l+ 0.05 g/l), respectively. Then, treating wheat plants with micronutrients at the rate of (3.75 g/L) and followed by AsA at the rate of (0.1 g/L) followed by treating wheat plants by distilled water. While, the lowest values were obtained from control treatment (without-treatment). 3- Effect of interaction : Concerning, the interaction between both studied factor (application methods and treatments) had a significant effect on growth characters i.e. number of days to heading (days), total chlorophylls, flag leaf area (cm2) and plant height (cm) and yield and its components i.e. number of spikes/m2, length of spike (cm), one-thousand grains weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed), straw yield (ton/fed) and grains quality i.e. crude protein percentage in grains (%) and total carbohydrates percentage in grains (%) but, there were no significant difference on number of spikelets/spike, number of grains per spike and grains weight/spike (g). In soaking seeds combined with foliar spraying application method, wheat seeds were soaked for 12 hours in the above-mentioned materials, then directly sowing followed by two sprays with a solution of the same studied materials and rate which, seeds were soaked into. The data indicates that, IAA + micronutrients was the best treatment values of all studied characters. The second best interaction was AsA + micronutrients. In spraying application method, wheat plants were sprayed with the above-mentioned materials and rate twice after 45 and 60 days from sowing. The results shown that, IAA + micronutrients offered the highest values of all studied characters. The second-best interaction was AsA + micronutrients. In soaking application method, wheat seeds soaked for 12 hours in the above-mentioned materials and rate. IAA + micronutrients was the best treatment values of all studied characters. The second-best interaction was AsA + micronutrients. CONCLUSION : Results of this investigation disclosed that, soaking wheat seeds in combination of ASA + micronutrients or IAA + micronutrients improved germination and seedlings vigor of wheat. Moreover, soaking wheat seeds in a solution of ASA + micronutrients or IAA + micronutrients for 12 hours then directly sowing followed by foliar spraying twice after 45 and 60 days from sowing with a solution of the same studied materials and rates which, seeds were soaked into improved growth, yield and its attributes and grain quality of bread wheat Misr 1 under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.