الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Stoning is a form of execution.As it is one of the most severe punishments known to man;This is because it takes away the most important human right, which is the right to life, so it takes away the soul of the criminal, This was due to a crime that deserved the death penalty, and stoning was one of the most severe methods of execution. And it is by throwing stones at a person in order to kill him, and stoning was the most common means of implementing death sentences in the Old Testament, and the purpose of carrying out this punishment was to eradicate evil from society by means of intimidation and deterrence, and thus security and safety prevail and peace in society. This study was divided into three chapters, with an introduction and an introduction and ending with a conclusion and a list of sources and references. First: The Preface: It deals with several elements, namely: The death penalty is its concept and its historical development, and historical studies indicate that human behavior was dominated by the nature of violence, as force played the main role in those ages as well as dealing with the four deaths of the court, where there are four types of death sentences announced through the court, known as the four deaths of the court They are (burning, suffocation, killing by cutting the head with a sword, and stoning) and according to the opinion of the wise men, stoning is considered the most severe of the four punishments. He also talked about the means of the death penalty in the countries of the ancient Near East and dealt with the laws of Moses and the legislation of Hammurabi, and also dealt with the penalty of burning, the penalty of suffocation and the penalty of murder by cutting the head with a sword. Second: The first chapter entitled (Stoning in the Old Testament) and is divided into: - The first topic deals with passages of stoning in the Old Testament, and these passages are divided into paragraphs that used the word (סקל) and passages that used the word (רגם) in the Old Testament and the crimes that lead to stoning. Third: Chapter Two entitled (Stoning in the Mishna and Talmud) and is divided into: - The first topic, entitled The Judicial System in the Mishna and Talmud, and this topic deals with the provisions of penalties as they begin with acquittal and do not begin with conviction, and it also deals with the number of judges as the High Court consisted of seventy-one judges, while the Small Court consisted of twenty-three judges, and it also deals with the descriptions of the judges, For a pagan judge who is converted to Judaism is valid for a judge who was a pagan and converted to a parable, and it is not valid to make up for the original Jew unless one of his parents is of Jewish origin. The Hebrews, the pagan, the insane, the deaf, the dumb, the blind, the ignorant, the proud of himself, and the one who seeks fame, as well as the venue, days and hours of the sessions, and the examination of cases and deliberations by judges. The second topic is entitled The texts of stoning in the Mishnah and the Talmud and deals with the punishments that require stoning as mentioned in the Mishna and Talmud. The third topic is entitled Crimes requiring stoning in the Mishna and Talmud, and deals with these crimes and when should a Jew be killed? Convicts mixing with death in prison. Fourth: Chapter Three entitled (The stages of applying the stoning penalty and its impact on society) and is divided into: - The first topic, entitled Pre-stoning stages, deals with the conditions that must be met for the execution of the stoning penalty or the fact that they are available in the person sentenced to the stoning penalty, as well as the witnesses and the place of the great witness testimony among the means of achieving justice in society, which is an important means of evidence in civil and criminal cases in particular In the absence of written evidence, it also dealt with the testimony of women, since women were not allowed to testify in the ancient Jewish community. The oath dealt with an oath where the oath occupied a great position in the courts in the ancient era, and it is a declaration in which the announcer confirms the truth of his statements, and there are three formulas in the Talmud for the oath: the Torah oath, the rabbis oath, the inflammatory oath. It also dealt with those who are not qualified to testify, there are people who are not qualified to be judges or witnesses, so the Talmud refers to a list of these people, and they are those who play gambling, those who lend usury, and the thief of pigeons, and those who bet in races, and those who trade in the products of the Sabbath year, and dealt with when the inappropriateness of witnesses can be applied? Methods for interrogating witnesses. This topic also dealt with puberty (the age of commission), where the Jewish boy begins to bear the burdens of conducting religious rites upon reaching the age of thirteen, as well as the conditions for revoking the punishment, and that if the number of witnesses required for their presence is not complete, and they are two or three, then the stoning process is not completed, and if a person is found At the time of the execution of the sentence, he acknowledged and testified that this convicted person is innocent, and therefore the punishment shall be annulled. - The second topic is entitled the stages of execution of the punishment and deals with the time in which the punishment is executed and the stages that it passes in terms of determining the location of the stoning and the manner of stoning, as the stoning site is usually outside the city walls and away from the place of the court, and the method of stoning is through the witnesses who testify against the accused where they are assigned The execution of the sentence, and the stoning could be by pushing from a high place and thus the stoning process was carried out, and the stoning process could be by throwing stones at the person. - The third topic, entitled Post-execution stages, deals with the comment, since after completing the execution of the stoning penalty, they hung the body in some cases, either on a tree or a tree, in implementation of the commandments of the Torah. It also dealt with burying the dead body, as the Jewish legislation stipulated the necessity of burying the body of everyone. The court sentenced him to death on the day he was killed or executed, and the tree on which he was hanged, the stone with which he was stoned, the sword with which he was executed, or the means with which he was strangled, are then buried separately from the graves of his fathers, and he was buried in graves prepared for the court. - The fourth topic entitled the impact of stoning punishment on society and deals with the importance of implementing the punishment, as the purpose of these punishments is to eradicate evil, intimidation and deterrence, and thus society enjoys public security and tranquility, so applying these punishments is to protect society from offenders, corrupt persons and criminals in order to preserve its security and safety, and also addresses the position of the divine laws from the penalty of stoning. The research has reached several results, the most important of which are: - The death sentences were decided by 23 judges, and after the issuance of the death sentence, there were four ways to implement it according to the seriousness of the crime, including: suffocation, burning, death by cutting the head with a sword and stoning, and stoning was the most severe execution that was applied to defendants guilty of idolatry, profanation of the Sabbath, and violations of The most dangerous incest, including the rape of the kidnapped girls. Stoning is the throwing of stones at a person in order to kill him, and stoning was the most common means of carrying out death sentences in the Old Testament, and the word (to be killed by stoning) means stoning to death. Because the stoning penalty is only carried out if the convicted person is stoned to death. The death penalty was only applied during the time of the Supreme Court of the Pontiffs (Sanhedrin), while the death penalty was abolished in Israel during the time of the Roman rule that was before the destruction of the Second Temple (200 BC - approximately 70 AD), but the death penalty was stopped after the destruction of the Second Temple. By about 40 years but not invalidated in the civil courts. - Opinions differed about the beginnings of the emergence of the Sanhedrin, but I think that the real beginning of it dates back to the time of Moses, peace be upon him. Because the death penalties were not applied except in the period of the Sanhedrin, and Moses was the first to apply the crime of stoning, and it was against (Shlomiah), and thus the appearance of the Sanhedrin was parallel to his time.