الفهرس 
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Abstract
Recently, the use of distributed sensing applications is a major trend glaring at the emergence of low-power embedded systems and wireless networking. These technologies are directed to the implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Although WSN has offered unique opportunities to set the foundation for using ubiquitous and pervasive computing, it suffers from several issues and challenges such as frequently changing network topology and congestion issues which affect not only network bandwidth usage but also the performance. Congestion is a major problem that affects badly the network performance as it leads to high packet loss, increase packet delay, less energy efficiency, and poor throughput. The main objective of this thesis is to introduce a congestion-aware clustering and routing (CCR) protocol to alleviate the congestion issue over the network. The proposed CCR protocol consists of two main phases which are the setup phase (or small setup phase) and the communication phase. The communication phase is divided into the intra-routing phase and the inter routing phase. To achieve reliability for practical use the following features are considered while investigating the proposed CCR protocol:(i) decreasing the overhead of doing the setup phase of each round, as the setup phase is done only once at the first round, (ii) distributing the load of Cluster Head (CH) and the Secondary Cluster Head (SCH), (iii) improving stability via choosing the suitable CH and SCH based on a set of performance metrics, (iv) scalability via the possibility of adding new nodes in any round, and (v) introducing fault tolerance methods to improve packets delivery ratio. Experimental results proved that the CCR protocol increases the network lifetime, the number of alive nodes per time, and the number of packets sent every round. Also, the CCR protocol decreases the number of overflows of data which causes retransmission of data, also decreases total energy dissipation in each round, and decreases the number of packets sent to the base station.