الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The agricultural sector is one of the most important main sectors in the Egyptian national economy, as it represents the main source of agricultural production, especially food. It is also considered a source of national income, as it contributes 15.81 percent of the gross domestic product, estimated at LE3409.50 billion in 2017. It also contributes In employing 34% of the Egyptian workforce, and agriculture also represents an important source for providing foreign currencies from agricultural exports represented by about 15% of the value of total exports. The state aims to promote agricultural production by encouraging farmers to adopt modern technological methods. Due to the high production costs per acre and the absence of a similar rise in the average production per acre, and the average unit price of primary and secondary product, which led to a decrease in the net agricultural product, and a decrease in the relative importance of agricultural income. Which led to the tendency of most farmers not to plant some strategic crops, and the transfer of resources used in their production to produce other crops that are less costly and more profitable. Hence, it is necessary to study and analyze the production costs of the most important of these crops. The study aimed to shed light on the changes in the cost structure of the production of some agricultural crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh and to know the extent of the impact of these changes on the production of these crops, namely wheat, rice and cotton, through the study of a set of sub-objectives represented in: Studying the evolution of the physical determinants of the study crops in Egypt And Kafr El-Sheikh, analyzing the effect of physical determinants on changing the production of study crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh, a study of the development of monetary determinants of study crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh, a study of comparing the general trend coefficients for some monetary variables specific to the production of study crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh using variance analysis, as well as studying the impact of structural changes on costs Production of study crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh at real prices using the least significant difference method. The study relied on the use of the inductive and statistical methods in describing and analyzing the study data and in estimating the directional relationships by using both the temporal trend equations and the annual growth rate to measure the development of the physical and monetary variables that were studied. The effect of structural changes on the production costs of study crops during the period (1990-2016) The study was divided into six chapters in addition to the introduction, which included the study problem, study objective, research method and data sources. The first chapter dealt with the review article, The second chapter dealt with the study of the current situation of the production indicators of the study crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This chapter concluded the following: It was found that the area planted with wheat in Egypt during the period (2000-2017) is taking an upward trend, as a statistically confirmed, estimated at about 61.49 thousand feddans. With an annual growth rate of about 2.1% of its average of about 2,927.97 thousand feddans, and in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, it was found that it is taking an upward trend with statistical confirmation, estimated at about 4.556 thousand feddans, with an annual growth rate of about 2% of its annual average of about 227.80 thousand feddans during the period studying . As for the third chapter, it dealt with the study of the current situation of the economic determinants of the study crops in the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate. This chapter concluded the following: The agricultural price of wheat in Egypt is taking an upward trend with a statistically certainty, estimated at about EGP 27.88, with an annual growth rate of about 10.3% from Average, and in Kafr El-Sheikh, it was found that it is taking an upward trend with a statistically confirmed, estimated at 26.93 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 10.3% of its average, and the production costs of the wheat crop in Egypt were found to be taking an upward trend with a statistically certainty, estimated at 377.34 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 377.34 pounds. About 10.4% of its average, and in Kafr El-Sheikh, it was found that it is taking an upward trend with a statistical certainty, estimated at 427.94 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 11.5% of its average. Annual growth amounted to about 10.1% of its average, and in Kafr El-Sheikh, it was found that it is taking an upward trend with statistical certainty. It was estimated at about 533.91 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 10.9% of its average. As for the net return of the wheat crop in Egypt, it was found that It takes an upward trend with a statistical, estimated at 249.01 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 9.5% of its average, and in Kafr El-Sheikh it was found that it takes an upward trend with a statistical certainty, estimated at 104.75 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 8.9% of its average, while the added value The wheat crop in Egypt was found to be taking an upward trend with a statistical certainty, estimated at 623.82 pounds, with an annual growth rate of about 10.1% of its average. As for the return on the pound invested for the wheat crop in Egypt, it was found that it is taking a descending trend in a statistically uncertain manner, estimated at about 0.007 pounds, at an annual rate of decrease, which amounted to about 0.9% of its average, while in Kafr El-Sheikh it was found that it is taking a descending trend in a statistically uncertain manner, estimated at 0.009 pounds, at a decreasing rate. Annually, it is about 2.6% of its average. While the fourth chapter was concerned with studying the field sample in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate during the 2016/2017 agricultural season, this chapter came in two parts. Salem and the villages of Al-Nwaija and Sanhour Al-Madina from the Desouq Center and the second part, which is the structure of production costs for the study crops in the field sample. The most important results of this chapter are the following: The most important results of the wheat crop in the sample villages are that the total agricultural operations per feddan of wheat in the village of Damro, the center of Sidi Salem, amounted to about 1805.35 pounds. And the most influential process in this total is the process of threshing and atomizing, which amounted to about 453 pounds, representing about 25.1%, followed by annexation, which amounted to about 374.71 pounds, which represents about 20.76 percent, then irrigation, which amounted to about 199.24 pounds, which represents about 11.03%, then service The land amounted to about 186.55 pounds, representing about 10.33%, then the transfer and spreading of chemical fertilizers, which amounted to about 175.25 pounds, representing about 9.71%, then transportation, storage and marketing, which amounted to about 146.76 pounds, representing about 8.13%, then the transfer and spreading of municipal fertilizers, which amounted to about 105. 65 pounds, representing about 5.85%, then agriculture, which amounted to about 73.95 pounds, which represents about 4.10%, then pest resistance, which amounted to about 47.06 pounds, which represents about 2.61%, and weed control amounted to about 43.16 pounds, which represents about 2.39% of the total costs of agricultural operations. While the fifth chapter was concerned with studying the standard estimation of the functions of agricultural production costs for the study crops in the research sample villages in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, the most important results were as follows: By estimating the function of the agricultural costs of the wheat crop in the village of Damro that it is economically and statistically acceptable because the signs of its transactions agree with the economic logic and the significance of the value (P) at the level of significance (0.1) that the economic price of a arde of wheat is about 260.88 pounds, and at it the marginal costs are equal at the lowest point of the average total costs, and that The optimum economic output of wheat production is estimated at 203.29 ardebs, and through the data of the research sample, it is clear that the average productivity per acre averaged about 28.17 ardebs, from which it becomes clear that the optimal farm capacity is about 7.22 acres, and the bulk of the profits amounted to about 380.66 ardebs, with an average cost of about 292.47 pounds at a price My farm is equal with marginal costs of about 427.94 pounds, and this is achieved when the capacity of my farms is about 13.51 acres. As for the sixth chapter, it was concerned with studying the structural changes in the production costs of some agricultural crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh. The study period (1990-2016) was divided into three periods, the first period (1990-1997), where the law of liberalizing the relationship between the owner and the tenant was activated and implemented, and the second period (1998-2008), where this period coincided with the global food crisis with a significant increase in food prices. At the end of 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008 due to the rise in energy prices, as well as the global financial crisis in September 2008, which caused political and economic instability and social unrest in all countries of the world, and the third period (2009-2016) where this period coincided with the January 25 revolution 2011, and the revolution of June 30, 2013. The wholesale price index was used considering the base year 1990 = 100 The results were as follows: First, with regard to the wheat crop, it was found that the average value of the land service and the average resistance process during the studied periods have significant differences at the 0.01 level, and that the average value of each of the land preparation, cultivation process and total operations during the first and third period, as well as the second and third periods are significant at the level 0.01, while it was found that the average of the cultivation, irrigation, fertilization and total operations were not significant between the first and second periods, while the average difference in land preparation, harvesting and crop transfer was not significant between the first and third periods, meaning that there was no effect of inflation on the value of these operations during the aforementioned periods. It is also evident from the average cost of human labor wages and the average cost of animal labor during the first and third period, as well as the average cost of automated work during the three study periods, that there are no moral differences, which indicates that there is no effect of inflation on these wages during these mentioned periods. In light of the foregoing results, the following can be recommended: 1. Re-focusing on the cultivation of high-quality varieties according to the irrigation water available for the rice crop using technological methods and thus increasing the production of rice along with horizontal expansion in accordance with the government’s plan for the cultivation of one and a half million acres. 2. Activating the role of agricultural extension and cooperatives in guiding farmers to the correct use of water and rationalizing its use, especially in the cultivation of the rice crop. 3. Work to improve the productivity of the wheat crop in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate by following the different technological methods and choosing the appropriate varieties and the appropriate method of cultivation and harvesting of the wheat crop, which results in an increase in production in the governorate in particular and in Egypt in general. 4. The necessity of reviewing the agricultural policies related to cotton and rice crops, especially the legislation that allocates the areas and varieties of cotton and the way it is traded, and not to leave the cotton seed trade to the private sector. 5. The necessity of working on the price stability of the cotton crop, thus stabilizing the areas and then stabilizing production and exports. 6. Establishing a fixed marketing policy for the cotton crop through the contractual policy and announcing the guarantee prices to farmers well before planting dates so that the farmer can respond to the policy of the state represented in the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. 7. Using agricultural research institutes for study crops to devise varieties that are resistant to climatic changes that cause a decrease in production in general in Egypt, especially in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, and also try to devise varieties of rice with less water consumption. 8. Providing production requirements in agricultural associations in order to reduce their prices in the markets, which causes an increase in production costs for the crops under study for the farmers, and then the farmers tend to plant other crops.