الفهرس 
Chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recently, the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has received significant attention from researchers because of its application in real-time monitoring of physical, chemical, and biological parameters. SPR employs the light-matter interaction at the interface between metal and dielectric. SPR based sensors introduce speed response time, ease of use, stability, and a high level of sensitivity. This thesis compiles various theoretical studies. Firstly, a new scheme of a prism-based sensors consisting of 2D nanomaterials (Graphene (G) – Tungsten Sulfide (WS2)) layers, Silver (Ag) layer, and ferromagnetic material Nickel (Ni) layer has been configured. 2D nanomaterials such as Graphene and WS2 are used to enhance the sensor’s absorption capacity of the light which is significantly beneficial for increasing the sensitivity. Also, they can protect the metal, as protective layers, from oxidation when covering these materials on a metal film. This sensor introduces a good angular sensitivity which is enhanced up to the maximum value of 248.57ᵒ/RIU. It is noted the SPR sensor sensitivity changes with the changing the WS2 and Graphene layers numbers. Full width half maximum (FWHM) values are minimized to be 6.82ᵒ then the FoM is reached to be 36.44 RIU−1 which gives better sensing properties. Secondly, a new fiber-optic SPR sensor scheme has been developed for the enhancement of sensitivity (S) and figure of merit (FoM). The proposed SPR structure is based on a silver (Ag) layer, platinum (Pt) layer, and a Conducting metal oxides (CMO) material like an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer in addition to a Graphene (G) layer, which allows the biosensors to be suitable for highly sensitive chemical and biological applications. The reported sensor exhibits a good wavelength sensitivity which is improved to the maximum value of 4210 nm/RIU. Full width half maximum (FWHM) values are minimized to be 56.7 nm and the FoM is optimized to be 74.25 RIU−1 which gives better sensing properties. For both configurations, Using Fresnel equations and Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), the resonance angle, reflectivity curve, Transmitted power, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), Figure of Merit (FoM), and the sensitivity (S) are theoretically analyzed using MATLAB software program with respect to higher values of sensitivity and FoM are very important in order to obtain high-performance Sensors. In our designs, the performance parameters have been enhanced and optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in order to introduce better types of sensors for different types of applications with a wide range of refractive indices (RIs).