الفهرس 
ch 1introductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
By Appreciating the water footprint and virtual water trade analysis, many problems (such as inefficient water use, water scarcity, Poor irrigation water management, and bad trade decisions for crops) could be solved. Water footprint and virtual water trade analysis are used as an index for irrigation consumption and irrigation efficiency ; however, this analysis can be used as an integrated water management tool. So, Crop Virtual Water Analysis Model (CVWAM model) was designed and developed using Microsoft visual studio 2019 (C sharp language). The model was divided into three modules : 1 - First module : Crop Water Footprint Analysis This module is divided into eight tools, each tool contained three choices (one/many crops, one/many years, and one/many regions). These multiple tools help users to identify the main objective of analysis. As a case study of this module, the water footprint and virtual water flow analyses for summer, nili, and winter seasons were evaluated for Egypt over 2017 by using the CVWAM model. The chosen summer and nili crops were potato, tomato, cotton, maize, sunflower, groundnut, and soybeans. While studying crops in the winter season were clover, flax, wheat, potato, and tomato. The results indicated that, cotton had the highest total water footprint and the lowest Yield (about 4660.71 m3/ton). While the lowest total water footprint (62.94 m3/ton) was founded on potato nili. However, in the winter season, the highest yield was for clover, which had a lower water footprint of about 190.01 m3/ton. 2 - Second module: Virtual Water Trade Analysis This module is divided into two tools. The first one is virtual water trade for one country (one product/crop or many products/crops), however, the second one is virtual water trade for many countries (one product/crop or many products/crops). The main goal of this module is to estimate virtual water trade easily moreover provides a chance to concentrate on results analysis and future challenges. As a case study for this module, Egypt’s VWT for 149 agricultural products derived from 70 crops in 2017. Detailed results from this analysis were discussed from three perspectives: VWT analysis for crops, countries, and continents. The results showed that Egypt had a virtual water import of about 2.7 billion m3, while the virtual water export was 53.6 billion m3. The import economic water productivity (1.25 $/m3) was lower than the export one (2.67 $/m3), so it had suggested exporting agricultural products had high economic benefits and balanced with nation water self-sufficiency. In a continent-scale analysis, it preferred to reinforce trade in the agriculture sector between Egypt and Africa where Africa had the highest export economic water productivity (6.28 $/m3) and the lowest import economic water productivity (0.44 $/m3). Finally, the CVWAM model can help to get a virtual water trade analysis for any region or product with little effort, so we save effort and time to insert all previous sectors to analyse and build an optimal nation virtual water trade scenario. 3- Third module : Distributing one/many crops on cultivated area/nation This Module consists of two main objectives (analysis for cultivated area and analysis for the nation) so, its divided into two tools as follows : Distributing one crop/ many crops on cultivated area/nation. As a case study for this module, six scenarios were defined to optimize Egypt’s crop pattern, subject to two general constraints. The first constraint is water use efficiency (WUE) and the second one is water self-sufficiency (WSS). The results showed that the total water use for all winter crops in the current situation was about 14.57 billion m3 however in scenario S1 (Crop reallocated, Fixed WUE, Fixed WSS) was about 13.83 billion m3. In addition to that, the total water use for all summer crops in the current situation was about 23.12 billion m3 however in scenario S1 was about 22.64 billion m3, respectively. Scenario S1 produced the same production with saving in water and area, without any changes in water footprint in the current situation. So, it’s recommended to use scenario S1 because this scenario achieved the objectives of this module and used water footprint analysis as a tool for integrated water management. Finally, it’s recommended to use the CVWAM model in : water footprint analysis for its ease and accuracy of results where, the CVWAM model give a chance for researcher to study multi variables factors in the same research. virtual water trade analysis under three levels: agriculture crops, countries, and continents. Distributing many crops on cultivated area/nation module, this module employed water footprint analysis to find optimal crop planting structure with the objectives of minimum total water use and highest economic water productivity.