الفهرس 
Study of the possible effects of certain beta-adrenergic blockers in experimentally induced hepatorenal syndrome in rats
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Abstract
Renal failure occurs in 40{u2013}80% of patients with end stage liver disease and is associated with an unfavourable prognosis. The development of renal failure in the absence of clinical, anatomical or pathological causes of renal failure is termed hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). A single injection of high dose Galactosamine (Gal) in rats can develop functional acute renal failure in addition to acute damage and liver failure with elaboration of a hyperdynamic circulation. So far, no effective strategies are available for the treatment or prevention of HRS. Portal hypertension is an almost unavoidable complication of cirrhosis and provides the driving force for most of its complications. To date, for medical treatment of portal hypertension, beta-blockers are used to decrease splanchnic inflow and may be combined with nitrates to reduce intrahepatic resistance. The present study was performed to investigate the possible protective effects of nebivolol (Nebi) and carvedilol (Carv), the nitric oxide (NO) releasing third generation Ý-blockers with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties in Gal-induced HRS in rats. Six groups of rats were employed in this study. The first and second groups received saline and served as normal group and control groups, respectively. Rats of groups (2-6) received a single dose of Gal solution in sterile saline (1.1 g/kg, i.p.) on the 8th day of the experiment. Groups 3 and 4 received Nebi (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively, p.o.). Groups 5 and 6 received Carv (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively, p.o.). Treatments were carried out for 10 successive days. Blood samples were withdrawn from all rats on day 10, after 2 h of the last drug administration