الفهرس 
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The flow of drag-reducing fluids through porous media is present in a number of important industrial applications, such as enhanced oil recovery. Problem with that technique is that the water solution is not pushing oil to be extracted due to its low viscosity. Adding a little quantity of polymer to the water helps increase the viscosity of the displacing liquid (water) to drive the displaced liquid (oil) to the production well. The flow of drag-reducing fluids through porous media is present in a number of important industrial applications, such as enhanced oil recovery. Problem with that technique is that the water solution is not pushing oil to be extracted due to its low viscosity. Adding a little quantity of polymer to the water helps increase the viscosity of the displacing liquid (water) to drive the displaced liquid (oil) to the production well. Another application, in pipe-line stations. The decrease in drag is vital from an economic standpoint since it may lower the process energy of the fluid in equipment. To compensate for the declining rate of flow, new pumping stations are constructed along the pipelines to deliver power while maintaining the needed rate of flow. As a result, installing pumps is expensive and not financially viable. Another technique is to minimize drag within the pipe. Adding substances known as drag reduction agents (DRA) is one of the most well-known.
In the present study, the flow behavior of a Newtonian and non-Newtonian drag reduction fluid through porous media were studied. The experimental work was carried out for the flow of pure water and diluted polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions with concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm in a circular pipe with a 2.54 cm inside diameter filled with porous media. Three different test sections are used as a porous medium, with three different sizes of plastic spheres with 3.3, 5.5, and 6.8 mm in diameter are used, which give a porosity of 0.37, 0.5, and 0.56, and diameter ratio (porous diameter/pipe inner diameter) of 0.123, 0.22, and 0.272 respectively. The experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of the variation of both the porous sphere diameter and polyethylene oxide concentration on the pressure DROP and friction factor by changing the modified Reynolds number. To validate the experimental results, a comparison of pressure DROP and friction factor for pure water is done with the Ergun model, which gives good agreement. Also, in the pure water case, it is shown that the pressure DROP and friction factor decrease with increasing sphere diameter. The experiments with PEO solutions are carried out at range of modified Reynold number values between 62 and 2425 to show the effect of PEO concentration and sphere diameter on the friction factor and the pressure drop. It is shown that the friction factor and the pressure DROP are reduced by the increase in PEO concentration and sphere diameter ratio. Also, the drag reduction ratio increases with the increase in PEO concentration, and its effectiveness is higher at low modified Reynold number values, In other words, for ɛ=0.37 at 62≤Re≤355 while for ɛ=0.5 at 130≤Re≤747 and for ɛ=0.56 at 183≤Re≤1048 than at higher modified Reynolds number values. It is presented also from the experiments that an increase in porosity causes a decrease in both friction factor and drag reduction ratio. A modified relationship was deduced as an extension of Ergun equation to describe the effect of PEO concentrations as the drag reducing additive in the non-Newtonian fluid flow through a porous medium.