الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Aswan is a magnificent tourist destination. It lies on the eastern bank of the River Nile that smoothly flows in splendor through the granite rocks. It is an ancient city with a rich historical and cultural heritage, known for its stunning temples and archaeological sites. Two prominent sites in Aswan are the Abu Simbel temple and the Philae temples, which have garnered significant attention due to their historical importance and the challenges they face. Abu Simbel area lies in lower Nubia region, south of Egypt, near the Sudanese border, about 280 km southwest of Aswan; it contains one of the most important temples in Egypt. They are called the Great Abu Simbel temple and the Small Abu Simbel temple (Nefertari). Philae Island is located about 7 kilometers south of Aswan, between the High Dam and the Aswan Old Dam, right upstream from the Nile’s First Cataract. The temple was originally built during the Ptolemaic period and dedicated to the goddess Isis. The Philae Temple complex contains several structures, each with its own history and purpose. The Great Colonnade, the Birth House, the Trajan’s Kiosk, and the Temple of Isis are among the most notable structures. The construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s resulted in the formation of the Lake Nasser, which caused the water level around the temple of Abu Simbel and Philae, so an international effort was made to relocate the temples to nearby places.This study aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by utilizing advanced technological methods to assess and calculate the risks surrounding the Abu Simbel and Philae temples. Specifically, Global Positioning System (GPS) and microtremor measurements have been used to evaluate the stability of the temples structures and the surrounding geological formations. The study aims to use the fundamental frequency technique to identify the resonant frequency and estimate the impact of the soft soil sediments on the area around the temples and its effects on the Abu Simbel and Philae building’s. Also, one of the most important objectives of the study is to create maps and 3D models using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) to document and preserve the historical sites in the study area from natural hazards and to invest in technological development to produce three-dimensional models for documenting heritage sites for tourism marketing for the site. In addition to creating a virtual reality (VR) model that will be used to support tourism.Thirty-two places have been selected to evaluate the ambient noise around the selected area of study. Moreover, five points inside Abu Simbel temple in each direction have been chosen to study the seismic behavior and vulnerability inside the temple. The results of the zonation map reveal that, the values of the fundamental frequency (F0) for the region around the temples vary from 0.56 to 0.96 Hz, and the values of H/V peak amplitude (A0) range from 2 to 21, and this result for H/V amplitude is attuned with the fundamental frequency (F0) results. Depending on the natural frequency (F0) and H/V amplitude (A0), the seismic vulnerability index (Kg) was calculated, ranging between 6 and 350 through the region around the temple. The results of Kg were observed to be appropriate with amplification factor effects. On the other hand, the Abu Simbel temple’s natural frequency (F0) in both directions and on each floor ranges from 0.7 to 1 Hz. Also, frequencies inside the Abu Simbel temple are compatible with the frequencies around the temple; therefore, the occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is probable. Additionally, sixteen stations have been selected to estimate the ambient noise around the Philae temple buildings. Furthermore, the outcomes of the zonation map illustrate that the values of the fundamental frequency (F0) in the study region vary from 0.92 to 1.22 Hz, and the horizontal to vertical ratio values (H/V) of peak amplitude (A0) range from 2 to 13.5, which align with the F0 results. The Seismic vulnerability index`s (Kg) results were found to be consistent when considering amplification factor effects.The analysis of the GPS network stations around the Abu Simbel temple indicated no significant horizontal and vertical changes during the monitoring period, with minimal horizontal variations observed. Based on the strain field estimations, the northwestern part of the Abu Simbel area is predominantly subjected to extension forces, with dilatation values ranging from 0.14 to 0.20μs. Conversely, the southeastern part of the study area experiences compression forces, with dilatation values ranging from 0.04 to 0.13μs. Regarding the Philae temples, most of the stations displayed no significant horizontal changes, except for station EUNV, which exhibited southeastward movement at an average rate of 3mm ± 1mm/yr. Vertical movements showed subsidence in the northern stations and uplift in the southern stations, with no major overall changes in the movements. In the case of the Philae Island, the southeastern part experiences dominant extension forces, with dilatation values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05μs. On the other hand, the northwestern part of the study area exhibits compression forces, with dilatation values ranging from -0.07 to -0.01μs. The results of the GPS measurements indicate an inverse relationship between the change in the level of the fixed GPS point on Philae Island and the change in the water level between High Dam and Aswan Old Dam.The Abu Simbel, Nefertari, Philae Temples underwent a comprehensive survey, involving 52, 37, 316 respectively using a Trimble TX6 laser scanner. This led to the creation of a 3D digital model of the temples that includes geometric, structural, architectural, historical data, and non-engineering information (such as appearance, inscriptions, and material details). The 3D point cloud model outputs exhibit it a 6 mm spacing between the points with an error of 4 mm and a standard deviation of 5 mm. In addition, the temples virtual tour included 61 panoramic images. This virtual tour can help to in-crease heritage awareness, promote tourism, and aid in the future restoration of any parts vulnerable to damage. The outcomes of the current study are that it can be employed to develop management and conservation strategies to safeguard the Abu Simbel and Philae Temples from damage.