الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the impact of nano-formulations of clove bud ethanolic extract (CBENF) in the extender on sperm characteristics, antioxidant capacity, oxidative biomarkers, enzymatic activity, apoptosis, and fertility of post-thawed rabbit semen. Twelve mature NZW male rabbits semen samples were pooled and cryopreserved in a Tris-egg yolk-based extender containing varying concentrations of CBENF (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL). After the equilibration and freezing thawing process, CBENF (100 µg /mL) significantly enhanced progressive motility, viability, membrane integrity and sperm abnormality was significantly reduced by CBENF supplementation. Total antioxidant capacity was increased in the post-thawed sperm medium, while nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were decreased in all CBENF concentrations. The lactic dehydrogenase and caspase activities were decreased, whereas the number of live spermatozoa with an intact acrosome was increased in all CBENF concentration. Conception rate and litter size per doe were higher in NZW doe rabbits inseminated with semen supplemented with 100 µg CBENF/mL than un-supplemented group (76% vs. 52% and 8.4 vs. 7.7/doe), with no statistical differences. Conclusion After equilibration and thawing, the addition of 100 µg CBENF/mL to the freezing medium of cryopreserved NZW rabbit sperm improved progressive motility, viability, live spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, and membrane integrity. This enhancement may be attributed to CBENF’s ability to decrease oxidative biomarkers (nitric oxide and MDA) and apoptosis (Caspase-3) in rabbit sperm. Furthermore, 100 µg CBENF/mL also improved fertility and productivity compared to free semen. To further demonstrate the beneficial effects of CBENF in the cryopreservation sperm form other animal species, additional proteomics, and transcriptomics analyses are necessary.