الفهرس 
III- The menopause and climactericOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
During the menopausal years, some women will experience severe multiple smptoms, while others show no reactions or minimal reactions that can go unnoticed. The well recognized reduction in bone mass, the development of what are currently regarded as adverse changes in blood lipid, lipoptotein concentration and the generalized atrophy of all connective tissue can be directly attributed to estrogen deficieny and these are known as long term consequences. There are other immediate symptoms associated with the menopause, referred to collectively as menopausal syndrome including psychological, physical symptoms as hot flushes, irritability, depression, headache and insomnia these are known as short term consequences. Osteoporosis is a major world wide puplic health issue and hip fracture is the most serious consequence of osteoporosis as 250/0 of patients die within 12 months and at least 500/0 are unable to return to the life style to which they were accustomed. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women of postmenopausal age.It accounts for more than 50% of all deaths in women older than 50 years of age. Premenopausal women have approximately one fifth the cardiovascular disease mortality of men, but after the menopause, their mortality rises exponentially to approach that of men. Recent data have indicated that, estrogen deficiency significantly increases